Planet Mission Astronomy Essay Example For Students

Planet Mission Astronomy Essay Astronomy is not just about the stars. Astronomy is about the constellations, the nine planets, the sun and the moons. The solar system is very complex and has many extraordinary objects. There are four different types of stars: Protostars, Bright Stars, Red Giants, and White Dwarfs. Protostars are stars that are on the verge of being born. They are glowing clouds of dust and gas. Gravity pulls on every atom moving them towards the center of the cloud of dust, which causes the Protostar to collapse. Over a period of twenty million years the star begins to form and 10 million years after the pocket of gas was formed, a star is born. The second types of stars are called Bright Stars. They are formed when the new star has completed about 35 million years of its life cycle. A stars life cycle is a lot like a humans life cycle, except a stars years are in millions. When a star is about 10 million years old it is in the same stage on average as a regular human that is about twenty years ol d. The birth and death rate of stars is called Stellar Evolution. A Bright Star is made when nuclear fusion doubles the size of the star. The third types of stars are called Red Giants. They are made because the outward flow of the stars core energy stops. Gravity then steps in and squeezes the star to make it decrease in size. The core of the stars heat increases and it starts releasing small amounts of energy, the energy holds a large amount of hydrogen gas. The star then begins to grow larger, but it does not get brighter. As a result of the sudden and fast temperature drop, the stars color changes from blue-white to a red color. Most Red Giant stars have been found in groups called Globular Clusters. Globular Clusters are groups of up to one million stars that move through space. The fourth type of stars are called White Dwarfs. When a White Dwarf is made the star begins cooling off. As a result of cooling, the outer gas layer spreads out. The stars temperature drops and makes t he gas layer spread out even more. Eventually, the outer layer spreads out so far that the gas layer separates from the star. Then, a Planetary Nebula (cloud of glowing atoms), moves in all directions. The stars core isnt giving out any more energy and is to the point of collapsing slowly. All of the matter that the star had in the beginning is still there, but it is compressed more tightly. Because it is packed so tightly the star is now as big as planet Earth. The star is still very hot. Because it is so hot it gives off a glowing white light. This star is called a White Dwarf because of its color. Out of the twenty stars that are closest to the Earth, two are White Dwarfs. The next big thing about the solar system is the Planets. The nine planets play a big part in our solar system. Astronomers have been studying them for a long time but there are still many things to learn about them. The nine planets are Earth, Jupiter, Uranus, Pluto, Saturn, Neptune, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. Mercury is also known as the planet of Hot days and Cold nights and it is the closest planet to the sun. It has the shortest year out of all the other planets, which is 88 days long and is half the size of Earth. Mercury orbits the sun at an average distance of 36 million miles. Daytime temperatures of Mercury can reach up to 800 degrees Fahrenheit. At night they can get down as low as -279 degrees Fahrenheit. Venus, also known as Cauldron, has a yearlong period of 243 Earth days. It is the second planet away from the sun and can reach oven-like temperatures up to 475 degrees Fahrenheit, even at night. Venus is a very bright planet, totally surrounded by clouds. It is the sunli ght reflected off these clouds that makes the planet so bright (Ridpath 24). This planet is very unique compared to the other planets because scientists discovered that Venus actually rotates backwards also. Chemistry: Water Pollution Phosphates In Water Pollution Phosphates Ma EssayThe Constellations are another great feature of our solar system. Constellations are names for groups of stars that appear to form shapes in the sky. (Miller, 1) There are about 2000 stars visible to the naked eye on a clear night and there are now 88 known constellations covering the whole sky. They were given their names many hundreds of years ago to help stargazers and astrologists to remember which stars were which. Astrologers use constellations to divide the sky up. Finding one constellation can help them find another because they move so slowly that they will always be found in about the same place. The earliest efforts of organizing the stars into constellations date back 6000 years ago. Many civilizations depended on the stars for direction and they became a large part of many cultures lives. The ancient Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and Hebrews were the first to form the constellations in the sky. Behind every constellation there is a story or tale of some sort. The most famous constellation in called the Big Dipper. The Big Dipper is made up of a group of seven stars. Three stars form a handle and the other four form a bowl. The Big Dipper is actually not a constellation itself, but part of one called Ursa Major, or Great Bear. The Little Dipper is a smaller version of the Big Dipper which is part of the constellation Ursa Minor or Little Bear. Another famous constellation is Orion. Orion was an ancient Greek hunter and warrior. The constellation Orion shows him caring a club shield, and a sword dangling from his belt. Orion has more Bright Stars the any other constellations. The two brightest stars in it are Betelgeuse and Rigel. Betelgeuse is Orions shoulder and Rigel is his foot. Cassiopeia is another well-known constellation. Cassiopeia is a group of stars, the brightest which form a large W in the northern sky. (Miller, 10). Cassiopeia is found next to the Big Dipper and Orion. Its shape is an exact M or W, formed with the five bright stars. The mythic Cassiopeia was an Ethiopian Queen. (Miller 10). Constellations are probably the most interesting thing in the solar system. Most people look at them as an exciting look at the mythological part of our solar system, and others think that they are just another interesting part of the night sky. The Universe is something no one can explain. Our Galaxy is one of the countless galaxies dotted throughout the Universe, like islands in a big ocean. Many objects in the Solar System have yet to be discovered and may never be, but it will always be there and may never change for generations to come.

The Definitive Duke Ellington free essay sample

Duke Ellington, jazzs greatest composer, produced a Herculean quantity of music in 50 years. Through his musics increasing sophistication in the ?s, ?s and ?s can be heard in the jazz expression itself. The Definitive Duke Ellington includes the ingenious combination of jazzs most loved instrumentalists with William Cat Anderson on his screaming trumpet, Joe Tricky Sam Nanton on the blaring trombone, and the talented Johnny Hodges on his clarinet, soprano and alto sax. Any jazz enthusiast will listen to this recording time and time again when they get their hands on it from the PBS special Jazz by the acclaimed filmmaker Ken Burns. This once-in-a-blue-moon assortment can only be found at pbs.org. The giants of jazz titled it the all-time most popular collection of songs. This includes a live recording of Jeeps Blues, a slow, strung-out piece featuring a sassy sax solo and a background pianist to die for. We will write a custom essay sample on The Definitive Duke Ellington or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also on this CD are the classic jazz songs youll love such as Mood Indigo, It Dont Mean a Thing (If it Aint Got That Swing), Sophisticated Lady, Take the A Train, and Satin Doll. The chic ballad Come Sunday will blow you away when you hear Ray Nance featured on violin with elegant piano backing him up. The Definitive is a must have! I have listened to it over and over again for three years straight. Editors Note: Although this CD is available only on www.pbs.org, check stores for others with Duke Ellington.

The Administration of Disciplinary Action and Its Forms

The Administration of Disciplinary Action and Its Forms An important element of human resource development is the administration of disciplinary action. Often, employees may be found to be out of line with the organization expectations. This prompts the need to establish some reaction measures with the aim of discouraging situations where employees fall short of the organizations expectations. Some common forms of disciplinary actions include reprimands, suspensions and dismissal. Some forms of disciplinary actions include reprimands, suspensions, demotion or even dismissal. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Administration of Disciplinary Action and Its Forms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most disciplinary actions are seen as adverse actions. This is because most of them are aimed at instilling some level of pain or discomfort on the employees. When an employee is demoted for having a poor attitude towards work of for consistently not achieving the set targets, the action adversely affects them. There are several dimensions of a disciplinary action. These dimensions ensure that the disciplinary action is as effective as possible. First, the disciplinary action should be aimed at ensuring that the employee behavior improves. This means that the action should not merely punish the victim but should influence the behavior towards the desirable attributes. Secondly, the disciplinary action should be just and congruent to the magnitude of the offence committed. This implies that the disciplinary action should be to the scale of the wrong done. This way it is effective as there is a feeling that the action is well deserved. Thirdly, disciplinary action should be consistent. Similar action should be taken for similar offences for all employees. PEER SURVAILLANCE is an accountability process where employees are given the responsibility of watching each other as they undertake their tasks. This method is now being seen as the most effective in ensurin g accountability among work mates. The method is known to greatly enhance relationships at the work place while at the same time improving productivity in the organizations workforce. It is the most ethically plausible staff management method. VERTICLE SURVAILLANCE on the other hand follows a hierarchical organizational structure to determine who is accountable to who is answerable to which member of the organization. Here junior employees are report to their seniors. This model is widely used by organizations around the world. However, its effectiveness in relation to the peer surveillance has been highly questioned. HORIZONTAL SURVEILLANCE seeks to place the roles of accountability within the various existing departments. One department is accountable to another so long as they are on the same level of the organizational hierarchy. This model is mainly applicable in organizations where different departments complement each other towards achieving the overall organizational goal. I n a case where one department is performing poorly, other departments are affected hence the push for better performance.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Progressive discipline is a concept applied in the practice of human resource management. The concept stipulates that a penalty for a wrong doing should keep increasing with repetition. This means that every time an employee does a wrong, the penalty is stiffer than the previous time the same wrong was committed. It is aimed at discouraging repeated mistakes within the organization. The first time may attract a verbal reprimand, the second a written warning, the third a suspension while the fourth would attract a demotion and finally dismissal. Progressive discipline enables the human resource department to continually influence employee behavior. The fact that a stiffer penalty is imposed each time an offence is repeated means that the employees are highly motivated to achieve the organizations expectations. The effectiveness of the actions is enhanced by several issues. First, the action should be timely. One should take action early enough before the behavior develops in to a habit. This is amounts to a nip on the bud. Secondly, one should be fair in application. Fairness is first seen by clarifying and clearing the expectations placed on the employee within the organization. More importantly, the actions should direct the employee’s behavior. This is through availing avenues of solving the existing problems with the workers. In the process of enforcing the progressive disciplinary action, it is important that one is careful not to violate the rights of the employees. Due Process right of an employee refers to the full consideration of the legal implications of the actions taken against an employee. It is critical for the rights of an employee to be fully respected to avoid cases where disputes arise on the legality of the actions. This not only ensures that the process of human resource management is smooth, but also ensures that the organization is free of legal tussles. The most important dimensions of progressive discipline actions include fairness and measured severity. The actions should be fair and consistent among the employees. When one is reprimanded, the second penalty should be just slightly severe and should not jump to dismissal. However, the progressive disciplinary actions should be in full consideration of the severity of the successive offence. If an individual misappropriated funds and was reprimanded, a second and bigger scale attempt to still will not attract another warning but would justifiable lead to dismissal of the employee.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Administration of Disciplinary Action and Its Forms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Architecture And The Everyday Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Architecture And The Everyday - Essay Example Thus, although politics dictated a small budgetary allowance for the construction of a large building and current design practices place a great deal of emphasis on the engineering rather than the aesthetics of a particular work, the architects of the Jubilee Library in Brighton were able to mesh all of these concepts with a design that served the common man and his need for aesthetic beauty, proving Upton’s point that the everyday architecture should not be and perhaps cannot be separated from the concepts of aesthetic Architecture as a serious venture. The library can be seen to strongly grasp the importance of showing the structure in engineering and materials used as it proudly displays its support columns, glass and tile curtain walls and concrete slab supports. It meets with the budgetary constraints of the political powers that be in its use of inexpensive and locally acquired materials even as it focuses attention on the need to create ‘Green Architecture' that r educes the building's impact on the environment through a variety of means that also function to reduce the cost of daily operation. Yet, even as it accomplishes all of these feats, it remains an aesthetically beautiful building that inspires the creativity and the imaginative use of the structure by the local population, encouraging thought and reflection by its simple existence and meeting the requirements of the more aesthetically minded Architects in their need for adhering to theory, philosophy and the principles of design.

Whats the meaning of life Meaning of life from religion point of view Essay

Whats the meaning of life Meaning of life from religion point of view - Essay Example We go through all these chores in intervals between the acquainted milestones from birth to death. We get kids, lose parents, we complete studies find a job and start a marital life, set up homes enjoy accomplishments at some points and face failures on the other. Similarly, we make new friends, fight with the old ones, change house, cities, countries, change jobs, get hired and fired from different jobs, face many hardships, fall ill, recover, save a few bucks for our retirement and eventually retires. So, the life runs on its track for me, for you and for everyone and interestingly, these activities set up human’s life. No doubt, keeping life going needs a constant struggle. No one ever wishes to die but, it is a harsh reality. Though, we can cope up with never ending life problems but, we can’t stop the deaths. In the journey of life, if you fail you will suffer and if you get success you will feel a sense of accomplishment, triumph, immense pleasure and of course pe ace of mind. However, these are the interludes of comforts and a happy life because difficulties and hardships never ceases. So, it's very natural to pop up with the question then, why an individual has to continue on the treadmill of life? Why are human beings on earth? What is the basic purpose of their creation and why they are born? What is the meaning of life? Are few arguably the common questions for scholars and children alike. The answer to these questions especially about the exact meaning of life are endless and can be answered from different perspectives and disciplines like psychology, philosophy, science, spirituality and religion etc. Since the beginning of time, man has struggled to find out the reason for his existence. To know why he was born and what purpose he had to serve after coming into this world. This question, though apparently quite broad and vague, is masked by yet another broader question. Many of us have strived day and night, consistently, to enlighten themselves with the meaning of life in general; to know why life on Earth started in general and why oxygen found its way into our atmosphere. This query is basically philosophical in general and has been dealt with at all levels including scientific, mystic and theological. Men have tried very hard to solve this stigma and have yet come up with little success so far.Following are few main standpoints that are used to answer the question â€Å"What's the meaning of life†? 1. Meaning of life from religion point of view: Many of the people in this universe have a strong belief that the basic and the real meaning of life is the devotion and sincerity to their faith or religion. Almost all the religions have supernatural existence. The admirers are supposed to associate with higher powers and have to work better for the creator or deity that benefits the mankind. Atheisms are completely of opposite beliefs and they have the believe that there is no Godexcept heir personal God. T hey are the people who reject the idea of existence of God. They express the true meanings of life without believing in any religion and base all their arguments on their own beliefs. Religions such as Islam, Judaism, Christianity and Buddhism defines he meaning of life as follows. 1.1 . Christianity: The purpose or meaning of life in Christianity is a hunt for the divine salvation with the help of GOD and intervention of Christ. The latest testament is â€Å"God urges to build relationship with his creature both in the present life and the life hereafter, which is only possible if a person’s sins are excused†. 1.2 . Islam: In the religion of Islam the ultimate meaning of life i

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution Essay Example for Free

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution Essay In the 1850s, Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution. His theory proposed that species evolved gradually through subtle changes from one generation to the next by means of natural selection. By natural selection, the most desirable hereditary traits become more common from one generation to the next while the less desirable, weaker traits die out. This gives rise to an organism that is more capable—fitted to—of surviving in the surrounding environment. At the time Darwin formulated his idea beginning with his trip on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s, some scientists resorted to the idea that God had preordained life by natural laws rather than by miraculous feats. While logical and correct, the idea still refers to a divine power, indicating a religious bent, so perhaps it was obvious that the ideas addressed could lead to religious controversy. As is common in science, Darwin’s concept arose from ideas garnered from a number of scientists of his time. Some researchers of the time believed that natural laws were responsible for life. While Darwin’s ideas did not account for the processes believed to account for life at the time, there was a theory at the time thought to account for life. Most thought that species were transmuted from one species into another. The problem with transmutation, an idea that is similar to evolution in some respects, is that a species may change through transmutation, but it will still be the same species. A dog may change into a different type of dog, but it will still be a dog; likewise, for a cat or any other species. Evolution dictates that the entire animal kingdom can grow through stages from one species into another over time. Birds came from reptiles, mammals came from birds and humans came from non-humans. (Lewontin, 1981) The data is unequivocal. During his voyage on HMS Beagle, Darwin found fossil remains of gigantic mammals that were recently extinct with no indication that their extinction had been caused by climate changes or catastrophic events. Although he believed that the remains he found were related to species in Africa or Europe, examination of the remains Darwin found showed that they were only related to other species found only in the Americas. Creationists insist that life came about from God in six days. While most evolutionists attack creationism on the grounds of scientific facts, there is another line of evidence virtually unnoticed by those who support evolution theory. Historians and archeologists have learned that the biblical story of creation came from the myths of another culture. Stories presented in the Bible evolved slowly over time, long before religions existed, and incorporated tales from many cultures. The story of the Garden of Eden, the serpent and the Tree of Life, for example, are said to have been depicted on an Akkadian Cylinder Seal nearly 2500 years before Christ. The serpent itself was viewed as a deity. Notice: No one familiar with the mythologies of the primitive, ancient, and Oriental worlds can turn to the Bible without recognizing counterparts on every page, transformed, however, to render an argument contrary to the older faiths. In Eves scene at the tree, for example, nothing is said to indicate that the serpent who appeared and spoke to her was a deity in his own right, who had been revered in the Levant for at least seven thousand years before the composition of the Book of Genesis. There is in the Louvre a carved green steatite vase, inscribed c. 025 BC by King Gudaea of Lagash, dedicated to a late Sumerian manifestation of this consort of the goddess, under his title Ningizzida, Lord of the Tree of Truth. p. 9. The Serpents Bride. Joseph Campbell. Occidental Mythology, The Masks of God. Arkana. New York. Viking Penguin Books. 1964, 1991 reprint The information in the Old Testament dates from about 1450 BC until 200 BC. This means that, contrary to the strongly held beliefs of most Christians, the creation story of Genesis is actually derived from the myths of ancient Sumerians. Therefore, the story is a myth. This means that those who against Darwin’s ideas on religious grounds based on their beliefs in the accuracy of the story in Genesis have unknowingly chosen to accept myth over facts. While they believe the myth to be factual, archeological evidence demonstrates otherwise. The scientific evidence leans heavily in support of Darwin’s ideas. While we may not fully understand some aspects behind the mechanism of evolution, we are continuously learning more about those mechanisms. (Dobzhansky, 1973) Dobzhansky states: Let me try to make crystal clear what is established beyond reasonable doubt, and what needs further study, about evolution. Evolution as a process that has always gone on in the history of the earth can be doubted only by those who are ignorant of the evidence or are resistant to evidence, owing to emotional blocks or to plain bigotry. By contrast, the mechanisms that bring evolution about certainly need study and clarification. There are no alternatives to evolution as history that can withstand critical examination. Yet we are constantly learning new and important facts about evolutionary mechanisms. Theodosius Dobzhansky, â€Å"Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in Light of Evolution†, American Biology Teacher vol. 35 (March 1973) reprinted in Evolution versus Creationism, J. Peter Zetterberg ed. , ORYX Press, Phoenix AZ 1983. Darwin (1859) believed that whales evolved from bears based on a scenario where selective pressures might cause this evolution, but he was criticized for this idea and removed the suggestion. Gould, 1995) Today, there is much more fossil evidence for the evolution of many species thus supporting the idea of evolution as a general biological principle, including the evolution of whales from lower animals. Evidence in support of evolution exists at many levels. There is paleontological evidence based on fossils, morphological evidence that relate the body morphology of higher animals to lower animals, evidence from molecular biology and from embryology. Added to this, the chronological picture that results is consistent with other lines of evidence. For example, the evidence for the evolution of whales from lower animals is convincing. Whales have been closely studied with respect to evolution. If evolution is valid, transitional stages from one level of evolution to another should exist. Although the fossil remains of whales spotty for a long time, recent fossil discoveries have more than adequately lent support to the concept of evolution for whales. Researchers state that independent lines of evidence from different disciplines confirm the pattern of evolution in whales. John Ray recognized that whales were mammals rather than fish in 1693 based on their similarity to terrestrial mammals. (Barnes, 1984) In 1883, Flower (see Barnes, 1984) found that whales had vestigial characteristics in common with terrestrial mammals just as humans have vestigial tails, the coccyx. Findings similar to these led to the concept of ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. ’ This concept is briefly explained in further detail below. Flower (1883) recognized that the whales have persistent rudimentary and vestigial features characteristic of terrestrial mammals, thus confirming that the direction of descent was from terrestrial to marine species. On the basis of morphology, Flower also linked whales with the ungulates; he seems to have been the first person to do so. Today, we know that whales have vestigial features in common with lower animals. For example, they have vestigial olfactory nerve, protruding hind limbs, pelvic fins and diaphragms. Like humans, during embryological development, whales develop features similar to lower animals and abandon them as development progresses. During their development, there is also evidence that whales have terrestrial ancestors. Some whales even develop hair while in the womb although they do not retain it. In 1985, Goodman et al. demonstrated that whales are more closely related to ungulates than to other animals. (Goodman, 1985; Miyamoto and Goodman, 1986) Some studies have identified genes, enzymes and other proteins that connect whales to extinct animals. (Irwin et al. 991; Irwin and Arnason, 1994; Milinkovitch, 1992; Graur and Higgins, 1994; Gatesy et al, 1996; Shimamura et al. , 1997) We have already noted above that the creation story in the Bible was taken from the text of an ancient culture that predates the Hebrew account. Rather than to openly acknowledge that the Bible’s story of creation is a mythical legend that explains evolution and the appearance of life on ea rth, some religious groups resort to far-fetched, fictitious, generally ridiculous concepts such as ‘creationism’, ‘creation science’ and ‘intelligent design’ to dismiss or explain away the science and replace it with fantasy. Embryology and developmental biology have a concept, ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’, that simplifies and briefly but succinctly expresses the concepts presented in the first chapter of Genesis. This is like explaining a complicated scientific concept, take conception and birth for example, to a little child by using a fairy tale rather than detailed research information. The fairy tale is not accurate, but the general information it communicates is true. With this single phrase, the first chapter of Genesis is summarized and explained. The phrase means that the embryological processes of development, ontogeny, depict and encapsulate the evolutionary history of the species, phylogeny. For example, during development of the human embryo, the fetus briefly has gills and a tail like its phylogenetic ancestors. In other words, during development, the developing embryo goes through some of the same stages that humans went through as the species developed from lower animals to humans. The concept makes perfect sense and explains many aspects of human development. Obviously, we cannot provide a comprehensive review of the evidence support evolution in a few pages, and we certainly cannot provide realistic evidence against it in light of all that exists to support it. While the evidence in support of the evolution of whales is plentiful, much evidence exists for evolution in general, including in humans. As has been reported here, the evidence is not just from scientific research, but also from archeology and history. That evidence shows, among other things, that the biblical story of creation in Genesis predates the Bible by hundreds of years. Despite all the evidence in support of evolution and against the idea of the biblical creation as being anything more than a myth, we can be certain that the argument in support of the biblical creation as being the real story and representing the real facts will not go away. Humans being what we are, we will always be faced with living with the Genesis myth as if it were fact, and coping with those who insist that the earth all the universe was created in six literal days. That concept certainly will never go away no matter what facts exist to disprove it.

Portrait :: essays research papers

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Stephen Dedalus is born of a woman, created of the earth; pure in his childhood innocence. From this beginning stems the birth of an artist, and from this the novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce recounts Stephen's story. His journey is followed from childhood to maturity, and thus his transformation from secular to saintly to an awakening of what he truly is. The novel evolves from simple, childlike diction, to sophisticated, higher ideas and thoughts as Dedalus completes his transition into an artist. In the beginning, Dedalus sees the world in an almost sing-song nursery rhyme sense, with a "moocow" coming down the road. By the end of the novel, Dedalus is mature and worldly; a man who stands tall and who feels confident with "Old father, old artificer, stand me now and ever in good stead." (238). Through the use of the symbols of woman and earth, and white and purification, Joyce gives his novel depth and wonder. These symbols follow an array of transformations, changing throughout the novel much like Stephen himself. The figure woman goes from the mother figure, to that of the whore, and finally to the representation of freedom itself. As a child, the image of the mother figure is strong. It is nurturing and supportive, that of "a woman standing at the half-door of a cottage with a child in her arms . . ." (10) who shelters and protects and makes Stephen afraid to "think of how it was" to be without a mother. As Stephen grows, however, like any child his dependency of him mother begins to dwindle, as does his awe for her. He begins to question his relationship with her and she is suddenly seen as a dirty figure, beginning the transformation of Stephen's image of women; from that of mother to whore. He first begins to questions the purity of his mother, his creator, his earth, when confronted by class mates, who taunt and confuse the innocent act of kissing his mother. He suddenly wonders, "Was it right to kiss his mother or wrong to kiss his mother? What did that mean, to kiss? You put your face up like that to say good night and then his mother put her face down. That was to kiss." (24) However, later in the novel the image of the pure and novel mother appears once more, but not in the figure of Stephen's own mother.